It looks like the behavior when running an application with IIS Express changed.
In VS 2015, when i use IIS Express i get a new tab in my current instance of Google Chrome if i have one, otherwise i get a new instance with one tab, but the instance is authenticated:
In VS 2017 RC, when i use IIS Express i get a new not-authenticated instance (no matter if i have another chrome instances):
P.S: Disregard that there are two different applications, that is happening with all apps.
Later Edit: This is happening in 7 March release too. Answer adjusted. It is a new default feature.
You can encounter same problem when you're running VS 2017 RC as an Administrator. That won't change a thing in this scenario.
It looks like this issue was already addressed: https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/content/problem/2831/vs-2017-rc1-debugging-aspnet-project-with-chrome-d.html and it will be resolved by a future release.
As per Robert McKee (Debugging ASP.NET project with Chrome doesn't sign you in with your Google account):
It's happening because it is getting launched with the following command line: "C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe" --no-first-run --no-default-browser-check "--user-data-dir=C:\Users\rmckee\AppData\Local\Temp\chromeVSProfile\4020adf9-2540-4236-bad8-e8f3b6e23e4e" "data:text/html;charset=utf-8,%3Chead%3E%3C/head%3E%3Cbody%3EPlease%20wait%20while%20we%20attach%3C/body%3E%3C!--4020adf9-2540-4236-bad8-e8f3b6e23e4e--%3E" --remote-debugging-port=50384" so it is launching with a different profile.
Realease edit: This behavior is related to the possibility to to client-side debugging in VS 2017. To return to old behavior just uncheck javascript debugging for ASP.NET.