I am creating an LTI tool, but do not see the user_image parameter being passed from Desire2Learn/Brightspace.
How can I retrieve this?
Brightspace does not pass this optional parameter in LTI launches. You can, however, use the Brightspace APIs to retrieve the current, launching user's profile image. (One subtle point there, though: as retrieving a user's profile image requires an (authorized) API call, you can store the API call to retrieve it as a URL, however, you'll need to wrap it with auth tokens when calling it.)
D2L's reference topic on their Remote Plugin service contains an extended example showing how a simple tool provider can use the Brightspace APIs in conjunction with an LTI launch