Is there some equivalent of "SELECT 1" or "SELECT 1 FROM DUAL" for JPQL? Like a simple test query.
Yes, there is getResultList, which returns query results as an untyped List. And you can use setMaxResults, limiting it to 1:
query.setMaxResults(1).getResultList();
Or else you can say the following which returns a single untyped result:
query.getSingleResult()
The EntityManager API also allows creation of native queries, which may be your simplest approach:
entityManager.createNativeQuery("select 1 from sometable").getSingleResult();
For details, see http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/persistence/Query.html.