Is there a way (preferably command line) to dump all function names (not just exports/imports) of an executable?
The executable in question is a Microsoft EXE/DLL, so it should be possible to get the symbols from Microsoft Symbol Server.
Note that it is Microsoft's decision on how many symbols they want to publish. Just because there's a symbol server does not mean you get private symbols.
You can do it in WinDbg:
.symfix
.reload
x *!*
And you can use cdb
to do it from command line:
cdb -z "c:\windows\system32\notepad.exe" -c ".symfix;.reload;x *!*;q"