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c++bitbitwise-andfenwick-tree

What does (number & -number) mean in bit programming?

For example:

int get(int i) {
    int res = 0;
    while (i) {
        res = (res + tree[i]) % MOD;
        i -= ( (i) & (-i) );
    }
    return res;
}

A tree update function:

void update(int i, int val) {
    while (i <= m) {
        tree[i] = (tree[i] + val) % MOD;
        i += ( (i) & (-i) );
    }
}

Can you please explain what they do in the code by using ( (i) & (-i) )?

Solution

  • This two functions are a modified implementation of a Binary index tree (Fenwick tree) data structure.
    Here is two pictures to supplement MikeCAT's answer showing how i variable updates for different values.

    The "get" function:
    For assume max value in of input in function is 15 for simplicity of representation.
    enter image description here
    A node with number t in on it represents tree[t] in the tree array.
    If you call get function for i the returned value is sum of tree[i] plus sum of all tree array elements that their index in the array is a parent of i in the picture, except zero.
    Here are some examples:

    get(15) = tree[15] + tree[14] + tree[12] + tree[8]
get(14) = tree[14] + tree[12] + tree[8]
get(13) = tree[13] + tree[12] + tree[8]
get(12) = tree[12] + tree[8]
get(11) = tree[11] + tree[10] + tree[8]
get(10) = tree[10] + tree[8]
get(9) = tree[9] + tree[8]
get(8) = tree[8]
get(7) = tree[7] + tree[6] + tree[4]
get(6) = tree[6] + tree[4]
get(5) = tree[5] + tree[4]
get(4) = tree[4]
get(3) = tree[3] + tree[2]
get(2) = tree[2]

    Numbers on the labels on nodes in the above picture has the property that each node's parent is that node label minus the least significant one 1(explained very well on @MikeCAT answer)
    The "update" function:
    For simplicity of picture, let assume that the max length of the tree array is 16.
    The update function is little bit trickier.
    A Binary Indexed Tree
    It adds val to tree[i] and all tree elements that their index is parent of the node with label i in the picture.

    update(16, val) --> tree[16] += val;
update(15, val) --> tree[15] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(14, val) --> tree[14] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(13, val) --> tree[13] += val, tree[14] += val; tree[16] += val;
update(12, val) --> tree[12] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(11, val) --> tree[11] += val, tree[12] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(10, val) --> tree[10] += val, tree[12] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(9, val)  --> tree[9] += val, tree[10] += val, tree[12] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(8, val)  --> tree[8] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(7, val)  --> tree[7] += val, tree[8] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(6, val)  --> tree[6] += val, tree[8] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(5, val)  --> tree[5] += val, tree[6] += val, tree[8] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(4, val)  --> tree[4] += val, tree[8] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(3, val)  --> tree[3] += val, tree[4] += val, tree[8] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(2, val)  --> tree[2] += val, tree[4] += val, tree[8] += val, tree[16] += val;
update(1, val)  --> tree[1] += val, tree[2] += val, tree[4] += val, tree[8] += val, tree[16] += val;