Let's say there is a simple function:
maximum' :: (Ord a) => [a] -> a
maximum' [] = error "maximum of empty list"
maximum' [x] = x
maximum' (x:xs) = max x (maximum' xs)
I understand the idea and what (x:xs) does. As it was explained in details here What do the parentheses signify in (x:xs) when pattern matching? but there is one little thing that I cannot get out of my head. Since cons: operator appends x to a list xs, why is it that x is the first element of function argument list and xs is the tail when we use (x:xs)??? as if (x:xs) calls head and tail on argument list.
This is just an instance of the general pattern that the constructor for a type is both used to construct elements of that type and to deconstruct. If you wrote
data MyList a = Empty | Cons a (MyList a)
you'd write
maximum' :: (Ord a) => MyList a -> a
maximum' Empty = error "maximum of empty list"
maximum' (Cons x Empty) = x
maximum' (Cons x xs) = max x (maximum' xs)
Except that lists are actually defined equivalently to
data [a] = [] | a:as
so, just as with other data types, : is used both to construct and to deconstruct nonempty lists.