Usually when you declare a pointer (such as an int) you'd have to assign a memory address to it:
int value = 123;
int* p = &value;
When you create a char pointer, you can assign a char array to it without the need of including an address:
char* c = "Char Array";
How does this work? Does it allocate memory and point to that? Why can't other type pointers do the same thing?
How does this work?
The string literal is stored in a read-only data section in the executable file (meaning it is initialized during compilation) and c is initialized to point to that memory location. The implicit array-to-pointer conversion handles the rest.
Note that the conversion of string literals to char* is deprecated because the contents are read-only anyway; prefer const char* when pointing to string literals.
A related construct, char c[] = "Char Array";, would copy the contents of the string literal to the char array at runtime.
Why can't other type pointers do the same thing?
This is a special case for string literals, for convenience, inherited from C.