I am new to iOS app development. I have a standard Apple iOS developer license. When I build my app it creates an ipa file. If I send this file to someone, will they be able to install it? Or does that require an enterprise license?
You can share an ipa archive with testers/friends using Ad Hoc Distribution. You do not need an enterprise license to do it, team or individual is enough. You will need to register a device's ID in the Member Center and to generate an Ad Hoc provisioning profile with this ID:
Using this method, testers don’t need to be team members or iTunes Connect users to run the app, but their devices need to be registered in Member Center. You can register up to 100 devices per year that your team can use for development and testing. Therefore, choose this method if you can use a portion of these devices for testing and can collect device IDs from testers. Also choose this method if you’re not ready to create an app record in iTunes Connect. You don’t need to validate or upload your app to iTunes Connect to distribute it using an ad hoc provisioning profile.