I am trying to understand how the various components of Mesos work together, and found this excellent tutorial that contains the following architectural overview:
I have a few concerns about this that aren't made clear (either in the article or in the official Mesos docs):
Great questions! I believe it would be really helpful to have a look at a sample framework such as Rendler. This will probably answer most of your question and give you feeling for the framework internal.
Let me now try to answer the question which might be still be open after this.
Schedulers are not on on any special nodes, but keep in mind that schedulers can failover as well (as any part in a distributed system).
Have a look at Rendler or at the framework development guide.
I believe Rendler is a good example to understand the Task/Executor relationship. Just start reading the README/description on the main github page.
Executors are started on each node when the first Task requiring such executor is send to this node. After this it will remain on that node.
Hope this helped!