I changed some code, then ran
git add .
git commit -m "message1"
But after that, I did
git reset hard
git pull
git push
(The push actually did nothing, of course.)
Now I want to retrieve the state of my files at the point of commit "message1". How can I do that?
git reset hard resets the index (not the working directory) to the state of the branch called hard. So nothing actually changed: you can do a simple git reset to just reset the index. Nothing else has changed anyway.
If you did a git reset --hard then that’s a different thing. This will reset the index and uncommitted changes in the working directory to the state of HEAD, i.e. the last commit of your current branch. Since you made a commit directly before that command, you also lose nothing in case you included all changes of your working directory in that commit. If you did not, then you’re out of luck, and those uncommitted changes that never even made it to the index are lost.
The git pull will fetch from the remote and merge any changes into your branch, so this is where something might have actually changed. Since you did a commit locally, there are two cases: You were up to date and nothing was changed; there were changes on the remote and Git created a merge commit. In the latter case, you can revert that using git reset --hard HEAD@{1}. You can also check the reflog using git reflog to see where HEAD was pointing to previously.
As for the git push, it’s not obvious that it doesn’t do anything. Actually, since you made a commit locally, it should have done something. It should have pushed your commit and an eventual merge commit (as per above) to the remote. In that case, it’s not recommended to go back again (with above command) to undo those changes, since you should never remove commits you have already published.