\newcommand / \newenvironment - optional parameters

Question

I'm experimenting with my own commands and environments and now I'm facing those problems:

1. How to create command \foo{parameter}[optional] or environment called \begin{bar}{parameter}[optional]?
2. How to create command \foo[optional_1]...[optional_n]{parameter}

I've tried

\newcommand{\foo}[3][][]{#1#2#3}    - failed
\newcommand{\foo}[3][2][][]{#1#2#3} - failed

Does anyone know some hint? Thanks a lot.

Answer 1

Using the xparse package (part of the LaTeX3 development efforts):

\usepackage{xparse}
\NewDocumentCommand\foo{O{}O{}m}{%
  % Code with optional #1 and #2 with empty defaults
}
\NewDocumentCommand\foo{mO{}}{%
  % Code with optional #2 with empty default
}
\NewDocumentEnvironment{foo}{O{}}{%
% Start code with optional #1
}{%
%  End code with optional #1
}

Optional arguments are a bit different in xparse to with \newcommand. You can detect whether one is given or not:

\NewDocumentCommand\foo{mo}{%
  \IfNoValueTF{#2}
   {Code without #2}
   {Code with #2}%
}

You'll see that this works by using a lower case 'o', whereas the upper case 'O' then requires a default value (which I've made empty by including an empty group).