I have a parent file type that is folderish, and I would like to include a thumbnail of the first page of a child pdf in the template. Can someone roughly outline the tools and process you can imagine would achieve this, so that I can investigate further?
Getting out the first page of pdf can be achieved by using ghostscript. This is an example script which forms an gostscript command and stores the images. I took this from collective.pdfpeek. Which by the way could solve your problem right away :-)
Until few days ago I would have recommended you not to use it, since it was a little bit buggy, but they recently shipped a new version, so give it a try! I'm not sure whether they now support DX or not.
So the workflow for you should be.
OR
Give collective.pdfpeek a shot!
BTW: imho on a large scale the preview generation for pdfs needs to be implemented as a service, which stores/manages the images for you.