What is the difference between a pure virtual function and a virtual function?
I know "Pure Virtual Function is a Virtual function with no body", but what does this mean and what is actually done by the line below:
virtual void virtualfunctioname() = 0
A virtual function makes its class a polymorphic base class. Derived classes can override virtual functions. Virtual functions called through base class pointers/references will be resolved at run-time. That is, the dynamic type of the object is used instead of its static type:
Derived d;
Base& rb = d;
// if Base::f() is virtual and Derived overrides it, Derived::f() will be called
rb.f();
A pure virtual function is a virtual function whose declaration ends in =0:
class Base {
// ...
virtual void f() = 0;
// ...
A pure virtual function implicitly makes the class it is defined for abstract (unlike in Java where you have a keyword to explicitly declare the class abstract). Abstract classes cannot be instantiated. Derived classes need to override/implement all inherited pure virtual functions. If they do not, they too will become abstract.
An interesting 'feature' of C++ is that a class can define a pure virtual function that has an implementation. (What that's good for is debatable.)
Note that C++11 brought a new use for the delete and default keywords which looks similar to the syntax of pure virtual functions:
my_class(my_class const &) = delete;
my_class& operator=(const my_class&) = default;
See this question and this one for more info on this use of delete and default.