Could anybody be so kind to give me a link where I can get enough of information about special character sequences like "\033[0m"?
They are called ANSI escape codes, there are understood by the terminal emulator like xterm or gnome-terminal (and in the 1970s by real terminals like VT100; see the tty demystified). See termcap, termios(3), isatty(3), console_codes(4) etc...
In the previous century, escape codes have been terminal specific!
You probably want to use some terminal I/O library like ncurses (then avoid expliciting escape codes, ncurses will do that), or, for input only GNU readline.