Are there any 32-bit pseudorandom number generators (PRNG) that either have a greater or smaller period than (2^32 - 1)?
I would also appreciate a reliable source (book, research paper et.c) that uses it, thanks!
There are many PRNGs with different periods. Period is bounded by the size of the state space the PRNG maintains, not by the number of bits per integer. Java, for instance, uses a linear congruential generator with 48 bits of state. The late great George Marsaglia created "The mother of all random number generators", which pooled the results of smaller generators with relatively prime cycle lengths to get a cycle length of about 2250. As @Michael pointed out in a comment, Mersenne Twister has a whopping big period of 219937-1. Pierre L'ecuyer is considered to be a world leader on this topic, and you can read what many consider to be a pretty definitive chapter on the topic of PRNGs from the Elsevier publication "Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science: Simulation". (Many of his other publications may also be of interest to you, both directly and as evidence of his expertise in this area.)