While editing Microsoft Excel cells, the software offers auto-complete suggestions based on previous entries on the same column.
Is there a similar short-cut in Org-mode, where it auto-completes/type-aheads (with bash-shell like disambiguation)?
Yes, see the Emacs manual, node Dynamic Abbrevs (C-h r g dyn TAB). This is not specific to Org mode; it works in pretty much any mode.