I am interested in learning the basics of scientific computing, but sadly in my daily life I don't encounter problems or situations in which I get to code something to solve a mathematical problem (Or any problem whatsoever, other than the basic programming things we are asked to do).
I know the basics of python and I'm not worried about it since I can always learn what I need on the go, but I need a resource (A book, website or mailing list will do) with problems and exercises I can use to start working with the kind of situations I could encounter if I decide to work in this in the future.
I've looked around but I haven't seen anything aimed for people knowing programming but not knowing the specific details of scientific computing, just advanced things I don't understand at the moment.
When I first started learning to program I used Project Euler. It is a series of challenging mathematical/computer programming problems that will require logical and mathematical insights to solve. Although mathematics will help you arrive at elegant and efficient methods, the use of a computer and programming skills will be required to solve most problems. The problems themselves are interesting, and they gradually increase in difficulty.
Be careful though - it can become quite addictive!
Here's the link: https://projecteuler.net