Java inheritance downcast ClassCastException

Question

given the following code, I have a question:

class A{}
class B extends A {}
class C extends B{}

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        A a = new A();
        A a1=new A();
        B b = new B();
//        a=b;// ok
//        b=(B)a;// ClassCastException
//        a=(A)a1;  // ok
//        a=a1;  // ok

        a=(B)a1;  // compiles ok, ClassCastException
    }
}

My question is with the line in bold. My understanding is that for the code to compile, it just needs to be satisfied that the classes are in the same hierarchy and as a result it may work (up the tree implicit casting, down the tree requires explicit casting). Whenever I have come across ClassCastException it is because the reference was pointing to an object up the tree e.g. a ref of type B pointing to an object of type A.

The line in question appears to be a ref of type A pointing to an object of type A. The cast to (B) obviously is what is causing the ClassCastException. Can someone explain please what it does to effect this?

Note: If a1 was pointing at an object of type B then it works (just tested it). So the downcast is legal regarding the compiler and it can be made to execute without an exception if the reference is pointing at an object of the correct type.

By casting the A ref a1 to a B and assigning it to a, it appears that the A ref a no longer expects to refer to an object of type A but a B?

Thanks, Sean.

PS I know this is a bit unusual, preparation for Java certification. Normally we downcast to the type on the left hand side e.g. b=(B)a; (and I can see why this gives a ClassCastException).

Answer 1

All B's are A's, by inheritance. But not all A's are B's. This particular instance isn't, hence the runtime exception.