Without any third party software you can not do that. But there is a work around:
- On SP go to ~'Add Existing Columns' -> Choose ~'Core Task Columns' -> add some columns from there to your list. You can rename added columns as you wish but you can not change their type.
- Sync your list with Outlook & create some dummie entries to test it.
- Now you can check how Tasks are represented on Outlook. You can find entries in task form. Go to: Show -> Details, Task.
- If you want to add a control to your list items such as a dropbox or date, you can do that with Outlook custom forms. But in SP task list column value will be represented as single line of text.
Unfortunatelly you have to give a lot for custom values :)