Is there anyway to get coordinates for the current position of the keyboard cursor (caret) globally like you can for the mouse cursor position with mouseLocation?
The closest you can get would be to use OS X's Accessibility Protocol. This is intended to help disabled users operate the computer, but many applications don't support it, or do not support it very well.
The procedure would be something like:
appRef = AXUIElementCreateApplication(appPID);
focusElemRef = AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(appRef,kAXFocusedUIElementAttribute, &theValue)
AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(focusElemRef, kAXSelectedTextRangeAttribute, &selRangeValue);
AXUIElementCopyParameterizedAttributeValue(focusElemRef, kAXBoundsForRangeParameterizedAttribute, adjSelRangeValue, &boundsValue);
Due to the spotty support for the protocol, with many applications you won't get beyond the FocusedUIElementAttribute step, but this does work with some applications.