Why isn't there an `unquote` Lisp primitive?

Question

Lately, I've been thinking a lot about the basis of Lisp; I've read several manuals and/or other materials on the Internet, including The Roots of Lisp by P. ‎Graham:

In The Roots of Lisp, quote is described as a primitive that changes code into data, thereby quoting it, but there doesn't seem to be an equivalent inverse primitive, that is an unquote primitive. I thought it might have been eval's business, but eval often runs the data in a null lexical environment, which is not equivalent to changing data back into code.

Ergo, why isn't there an unquote Lisp primitive?

Answer 1

unquote is only useful in the context of quasiquote, and quasiquote can be implemented as a macro (that uses quote behind the scenes). So there's no need to have an unquote primitive; the quasiquote macro simply deals with unquote symbols as they are found.

(quasiquote is the Scheme name for the backtick quote. Thus:

`(foo bar ,baz)

is read in as

(quasiquote (foo bar (unquote baz)))

in Scheme.)

---

Here's a very simple Scheme quasiquote macro (it only handles lists, unlike standard quasiquote which also handles vectors and other data types):

(define-syntax quasiquote
  (syntax-rules (unquote unquote-splicing)
    ((quasiquote (unquote datum))
     datum)
    ((quasiquote ((unquote-splicing datum) . next))
     (append datum (quasiquote next)))
    ((quasiquote (datum . next))
     (cons (quasiquote datum) (quasiquote next)))
    ((quasiquote datum)
     (quote datum))))

Equivalent version using all the standard reader abbreviations:

(define-syntax quasiquote
  (syntax-rules (unquote unquote-splicing)
    (`,datum
     datum)
    (`(,@datum . next)
     (append datum `next))
    (`(datum . next)
     (cons `datum `next))
    (`datum
     'datum)))