How do you programmatically - or from CLI - rotate a PDF?

What I need to be able to do is to rotate a PDF clockwise or counter clockwise either programmatically or from the CLI.

I have spent considerable time researching and attempting to rotate PDFs with GhostScript (as GS is already installed for other reasons) to no avail, nothing seems result in any rotation.

I have looked into using pdftk but it requires java libraries, and I would rather not have java installed on the system.

We've even looked at modifying the PDF file ourselves, and we have had some success with this, but we haven't come across a reliable method that works for all PDFs.

So my #1 preference would be to achieve this with existing resources on the system. My #2 preference would be to do a little modification to the existing system as possible to achieve this.

The server in question is using Linux (OpenSuse 11) with PHP 5.2 and I have Ghostscript 9.0 installed.

Any advice would be much appreciated.

Solution

You can use pdfpages LaTeX package

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{pdfpages}

\begin{document}
    \includepdf[angle=45]{document.pdf}
\end{document}

The LaTeX document above, compiled via pdflatex, produces a document rotated 45 degrees.

There are also tools (wrappers of pdfpages) like pdfjam that can be used directly from command line:

$ pdfjam --suffix rotated45 --angle 45 --fitpaper true document.pdf