Warning/error from ALSA's pcm_min.c example. Possible problem?

Question

When I compile ALSA's pcm_min.c example with

gcc -Wall -lasound pcm_min.c -o pcm_min

Everything is fine, but running it, I get the white noise as expected, but I also get this warning/error:

Short write (expected 16384, wrote 7616)

Which comes from the last if-statement.

#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>

static char *device = "default";                        /* playback device */

snd_output_t *output = NULL;
unsigned char buffer[16*1024];                          /* some random data */

int main(void)
{
        int err;
        unsigned int i;
        snd_pcm_t *handle;
        snd_pcm_sframes_t frames;

        for (i = 0; i < sizeof(buffer); i++)
                buffer[i] = random() & 0xff;

        if ((err = snd_pcm_open(&handle, device, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0)) < 0) {
                printf("Playback open error: %s\n", snd_strerror(err));
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        if ((err = snd_pcm_set_params(handle,
                                      SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8,
                                      SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED,
                                      1,
                                      48000,
                                      1,
                                      500000)) < 0) {   /* 0.5sec */
                printf("Playback open error: %s\n", snd_strerror(err));
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
                frames = snd_pcm_writei(handle, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
                if (frames < 0)
                        frames = snd_pcm_recover(handle, frames, 0);
                if (frames < 0) {
                        printf("snd_pcm_writei failed: %s\n", snd_strerror(err));
                        break;
                }
                if (frames > 0 && frames < (long)sizeof(buffer))
                        printf("Short write (expected %li, wrote %li)\n", (long)sizeof(buffer), frames);
        }

        snd_pcm_close(handle);
        return 0;
}

Can someone see why this warning/error occur?

Hugs, Louise

Answer 1

The snd_pcm_writei() function might return less than sizeof(buffer) when there's either a signal received or an underrun. In your case, it seems that you're mixing bytes and frames. The last parameter of the call is the number of frames that you have in your buffer. Since you're passing the number of bytes in your buffer instead, you're seeing an underrun.