Is there a programming language suitable for building web applications, that is compiled, strongly-typed, and isn't ASP.NET?
I thought of using Mono (http://www.mono-project.com/), but I wonder if there are any other alternatives.
(If the language and framework are open-source, that's a big plus!)
Not sure what do you mean by saying "compiled". What about Java ?
Java has a lot of frameworks for web development. For example Tapestry:
Tapestry is an open-source framework for creating dynamic, robust, highly scalable web applications in Java.