Is there a way to make it so that my testing device doesn't report back on my Google Analytics when I open my Android app? I know with AdMob you can add test devices and those devices will load dummy ads. Is there something similar for Analytics on Android?
You can put your analytics client in "debug" mode, so it won't send any data. (If you're using v2: see the official docs, if you're using v1: see the "Testing" section of this overview).
Alternatively, on the server side, you can have GA filter out clients based on domain or IP. See http://support.google.com/analytics/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=1033162