I'd like to write custom providers for start menu searching, but I can't seem to find where to begin.
Things I'd like to be able to do when I type in the search box on the start menu
I'm not looking for a tool to do this for me. Rather, I'd like to find any documentation on writing custom search result providers, ideally in C#.
I believe you are looking for the Windows 7 API Code Pack for .NET.
On a related note, you can add all kinds of searches to your favourites in Windows Explorer. Check out Windows 7 Search Federation Providers.