I have not been able to find any documentation on if you can run applications in debug from a Windows 8 RT based tablet (such as the new Microsoft Surface) like you can on the iPad or Android devices.
Does anyone know if this is possible, and if so (or not), is there any documentation anywhere pointing to such?
Yes, Visual Studio remote debugging supports debugging an app running on an ARM target. You can find more information "What you need to know about developing for Windows on ARM (WOA)."