I'm writing a code in C that returns the number of times a positive integer can be expressed as sums of perfect squares of two positive integers.
R(n) is the number of couples (x,y) such that x² + y² = n where x, y, n are all
non negative integers.
To compute R(n), I need to first find the prime factorization of n.
The problem is that I've tried a lot of algorithm for prime factorization that I can use on C but I need my code to be as fast as possible, so I would appreciate it if anyone can give me what he/she considers as the fastest algorithm to compute the prime factorization of a number as large as 2147483742.
What an odd limit; 2147483742 = 2^31 + 94.
As others have pointed out, for a number this small trial division by primes is most likely fast enough. Only if it isn't, you could try Pollard's rho method:
/* WARNING! UNTESTED CODE! */
long rho(n, c) {
long t = 2;
long h = 2;
long d = 1;
while (d == 1) {
t = (t*t + c) % n;
h = (h*h + c) % n;
h = (h*h + c) % n;
d = gcd(t-h, n); }
if (d == n)
return rho(n, c+1);
return d;
}
Called as rho(n,1), this function returns a (possibly-composite) factor of n; put it in a loop and call it repeatedly if you want to find all the factors of n. You'll also need a primality checker; for your limit, a Rabin-Miller test with bases 2, 7 and 61 is proven accurate and reasonably fast. You can read more about programming with prime numbers at my blog.
But in any case, given such a small limit I think you are better off using trial division by primes. Anything else might be asymptotically faster but practically slower.
EDIT: This answer has received several recent upvotes, so I'm adding a simple program that does wheel factorization with a 2,3,5-wheel. Called as wheel(n), this program prints the factors of n in increasing order.
long wheel(long n) {
long ws[] = {1,2,2,4,2,4,2,4,6,2,6};
long f = 2; int w = 0;
while (f * f <= n) {
if (n % f == 0) {
printf("%ld\n", f);
n /= f;
} else {
f += ws[w];
w = (w == 10) ? 3 : (w+1);
}
}
printf("%ld\n", n);
return 0;
}
I discuss wheel factorization at my blog; the explanation is lengthy, so I won't repeat it here. For integers that fit in a long, it is unlikely that you will be able to significantly better the wheel function given above.