I am able to run fastboot commands via command prompt on my Windows machine when the phone is booted into fastboot manually by holding: volume up + volume down + power
Is there a way in Android to programmically boot into fastboot and run the command without the need of using an external machine to push commands?
No, there's not. The closest you can do is wipe the phone and reset it to factory settings using an intent, but I suspect that isn't what you're looking for.