I appreciate this question may get closed due to its open-ended nature, but I'm curious none-the-less.
If I wanted to develop a cross-platform Web application using a statically-typed language, what would my choices be? I'm aware of Mono and Java, but what else is there?
(When I say cross-platform, I mean Windows and at least one common flavour of Linux)
There are several high-performance Haskell web frameworks that emphasise strong static correctness:
The goal is to lean on the type system to provide highly optimzied code, and zero chance of runtime failure.
To quote the Yesod web site:
Turn runtime bugs into compile-time errors
Yesod believes in the philosophy of making the compiler your ally, not your enemy. We use the type system to enforce as much as possible, from generating proper links, to avoiding XSS attacks, to dealing with character encoding issues. In general, if your code compiles, it works. And instead of declaring types everywhere you let the compiler figure them out for you with type inference.