When validating my page, the W3-Validator gives me an error for every
<tag addthis:title="AddThis share title" />
attribute in my code. How can I make those attributes valid for HTML5, so the page validates? I need those tags so addthis uses the correct titles for my sharing links, so I can't get rid of them...
You can't make them valid. Not in HTML, not in XHTML. The only valid custom attributes allowed in HTML5 start "data-".
You could make your markup valid HTML5+something or XHTML5+something, but getting a validator to check for that is a non-trivial task.