We have a machine with O(1) memory and we want to pass n numbers (one by one) in the first pass, and then we exclude the two numbers and we will pass n-2 numbers to the machine.
write an algorithm that finds missing numbers.
It can be done with O(1) memory.
You only need a few integers to keep track of some running sums. The integers do not require log n bits (where n is the number of input integers), they only require 2b+1 bits, where b is the number of bits in an individual input integer.
When you first read the stream add all the numbers and all of their squares, i.e. for each input number, n, do the following:
sum += n
sq_sum += n*n
Then on the second stream do the same thing for two different values, sum2 and sq_sum2. Now do the following maths:
sum - sum2 = a + b
sq_sum - sq_sum2 = a^2 + b^2
(a + b)(a + b) = a^2 + b^2 + 2ab
(a + b)(a + b) - (a^2 + b^2) = 2ab
(sum*sum - sq_sum) = 2ab
(a - b)(a - b) = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab
= sq_sum - (sum*sum - sq_sum) = 2sq_sum - sum*sum
sqrt(2sq_sum - sum*sum) = sqrt((a - b)(a - b)) = a - b
((a + b) - (a - b)) / 2 = b
(a + b) - b = a
You need 2b+1 bits in all intermediate results because you are storing products of two input integers, and in one case multiplying one of those values by two.